Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze the gross (macroscopic) and histology (microscopic) anatomy of the tissues and organs that constitute the human body
2. Apply appropriate anatomical terms and concepts for the purpose of identification, effective communication, and critical reading of relevant literature
3. Demonstrate the ability to collaborate and work effectively and respectfully with diverse teams
4. Describe the integrated relationship between histology and gross anatomy with respect to structure and function, and be able to extend that knowledge to various aspects of development and function
5. Employ a systematic logical thinking process to help you recognize anatomical structures and predict the physiological functions of body systems

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Compare, contrast and discuss the differences in the organization and structure of the four basic tissue types and their association into organs and systems
2. Describe normal structure-function relationships within cells and tissues as well as recognize abnormal histology, such that a prediction of the consequences of this disruption can be made for a disease state
3. Recognize and describe the organization of the mammalian cell and the function of the major cell organelles
4. Using histological sections, identify the four basic tissue types and various tissues, organs and cell types

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understand and apply appropriate anatomical terms and concepts for the purpose of identification, effective communication and critical reading of relevant literature.
2. Analyze the gross (macroscopic) and histological (microscopic) anatomy of the tissues and organs that constitute the human nervous system.
3. Employ a systematic logical thinking process to help you recognize anatomical structures and predict the physiological functions of the nervous system.
4. Describe the integrated relationship between gross and histological neuroanatomy with respect to structure and function, and be able to extend that knowledge to various aspects of development and function.
5. Demonstrate an ability to collaborate and work effectively and respectfully with diverse teams.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. 1. Analyze the gross anatomy of the organs that constitute the different regions of the human body to predict the physiological functional relationship. (PLO 2, 3, 6, 8; Assessment 1-4)
2. 2. Integrate module content, medical terminology, and external medical literature to collaboratively solve case-based problems related to anatomical issues. (PLO 2, 8; Assessment 1, 2, 4)
3. 3. Apply knowledge gained from course content to develop an anatomically accurate clinical scenario and clearly communicate orally both anatomical and medical terminology. (PLO 2, 8; Assessment 2)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Dissect and display gross and microscopic anatomical features on a human cadaveric specimen using conventional and novel dissection techniques, producing a high-quality museum worthy specimen.
2. Critically develop and appraise questions and concepts related to gaps in contemporary anatomical pedagogy to create a feasible research question.
3. Clearly communicate the process of dissection and major findings from completed student work to contextualize dissection as a tool for teaching anatomy and in a research setting.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply knowledge from course content and external peer-reviewed literature to predict the functional sequelae of abnormal physiological development as well as linking the condition to medical interventions.
2. Critically develop and appraise questions and concepts related to gaps in contemporary embryological knowledge to create a cogent research proposal
3. Identify and describe the embryological development of tissues, organs and systems as well as how changes in the process can be linked to abnormal physiological development.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Create a detailed prosected specimen with clearly evident anatomical features and generate a video teaching peers about the key anatomical structures.
2. Critically develop a thoughtful research question and investigate discrete objectives, communicating the research results in a written summative manuscript.
3. Clearly communicate and critique, through iterative processes, what skills are required to become effective prosectors and educators in the Anatomical Sciences, through self-reflection and peer feedback.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain how biomolecules (DNA, RNA, protein) function and interact to support life; (PLO 1, Assessment 1-5)
2. Apply research-based theories to solve problems related to biochemistry and molecular biology; (PLO 1, Assessment 1-5)
3. Note: PLO refers to the program learning outcome that each course learning outcome matches to.
4. Use computer-based multimedia to model and mimic the behaviour of biomolecules when conditions can be controlled in an in vitro-type experimental situation, and within the context of simulated cells; (PLO 2, LaunchPad simulations)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe the structures and functions of the major classes of biochemical molecules in the body and explain how they are synthesized and broken down in metabolism.
2. Explain the concepts of regulation by inhibition and activation at the enzyme level and extend these concepts to describe biochemical pathway regulation in the processes of metabolism at the level of the cell, organ, and body in health and disease.
3. Collaborate and communicate an understanding of the biochemical basis of an error in metabolism, including current and future diagnosis and treatments.
4. Integrate the roles of biochemical molecules and their associated processes to explain the consequences of a change in a particular biochemical process in health and disease.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Use and understand the limitations of a variety of equipment used in biochemical studies.
2. Work with samples on a microliter and microgram scale.
3. Appropriately present, analyze and interpret a variety of experimental biochemical data.
4. Demonstrate the presentation of experimental results in the form of written laboratory reports.
5. Use sequence viewing and molecular graphics software to perform multiple sequence alignments, examine the structures of proteins and identify intermolecular interactions.
6. Apply molecular biology knowledge to the design of molecular cloning experiments.
7. Identify and use various techniques for purification of proteins.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. After completing the course, students will be proficient in using a variety of equipment used in biochemical studies
2. After completing the course, students will gain proficientcy in working with samples on a microliter and microgram scale
3. After completing the course, students will be able to present, analyuze and interpret a variety of experimental biochemical data in an appropriate manner
4. After completing the course, students will be able to present experimental results in the form of written laboratory reports

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Use and understand the limitations of a variety of equipment used in biochemical studies.
2. Work with samples on a microliter and microgram scale.
3. Appropriately present, analyze and interpret a variety of experimental biochemical data.
4. Demonstrate the presentation of experimental results in the form of written laboratory reports.
5. Identify and use various techniques for purification of proteins.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Compose a synthetic biological part to solve a real-world problem (including but not limited to medicine, artistry, and agricultural applications).
2. Design a methodology to clone, express, purify, and functionally assess a protein, starting with a gene.
3. Predict the properties of a biological part using computational modelling and computer aided visual tools.
4. Debate the usage and ethical considerations of synthetic biology in everyday life.
5. Integrate synthetic biology methodologies with the central dogma of molecular biology.
6. Communicate the necessity and requirements of a research project by scientific writing.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Assimilate the evolution and advancements in the field of genetics and genomics to understand how they permitted the mapping of genes contributing to human diseases, traits, and drug response outcomes.
2. Apply the basic principles of research methodology to develop biological hypotheses pertaining to the role or contribution of genetic factors in human traits and identify methodologies for testing such hypotheses.
3. Reconcile the impact of genetic and genomics studies on the field to discuss the strengths and limitations of genetics studies and how this can affect progress in clinical outcome.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understand the physical and functional properties of the human genome
2. Use Bioinformatic tools to identify human variation and assess their significance
3. Understand how genome variation is assessed and contributes to human disease and therapies
4. Interprete the significance of SNPs and cancer mutations
5. Understand how microRNA’s control gene expression
6. Understand the applications of genome editing tools to research and therapy
7. Understand how epigenetics can control gene expression
8. Know the role of stem cells in development and disease
9. Anaylse and interprete contriversial scientific literature and present findings from advanced molecular biology-related research articles to your peers

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. The primary objective of this course is to provide students with a basic understanding of the major signaling pathways that regulate important cell functions such as growth, proliferation, survival and motility.
2. Emphasis will be placed on the biochemical properties, including structure and enzymatic activity, of key signaling enzymes such as protein kinases, ubiquitin ligases, G protein coupled receptors and the enzymes that synthesize leukotrienes and prostaglandins.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe what proteomics and metabolomics are, including how they differ from other emerging ‘omics fields, to identify the significance they carry in scientific research. (PLO 8; Assessment 1–5)
2. Understand the basis of proteomic and metabolomic techniques and their limitations to be able to create scientific arguments as to whether or not they can be applied to a specific problem. (PLO 8; Assessment 1, 3–4)
3. Identify the types of information that proteomic and metabolomic techniques provide, and how these techniques can become more powerful when combined with complementary methods. (PLO 8; Assessment 1, 3–5)
4. Develop an appreciation of how online databases can be used as tools in the comprehensive analysis of the results gained from metabolomic and proteomic methods discussed. (PLO 8; Assessment 1, 3)
5. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how the proteomic and metabolomic methods can be used in both the study and diagnosis of disease states in order to apply them to their own research endeavors. (PLO 8; Assessment 1, 3–5)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Acquire a basic understanding of the evolutionary nature of cancer to recognize and evaluate the contribution of tumour heterogeneity and plasticity to cancer progression.
2. Analyze the tumour microenvironment to define its role in tumour invasion and its link to metastasis.
3. Characterize the role of immunity and inflammation in cancer and to define their contributions to cancer control or progression.
4. Recognize the impact of cancer on society and major milestones in cancer research to appreciate the successes of therapies and to assess the need for further development.
5. To apply an understanding of therapeutic selectivity to identify and evaluate the potential benefits and adverse effects of different therapeutic interventions in cancer.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understand the current state of knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical outcomes of multiple forms of cancer, and relate how these factors determine established and experimental diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
2. Discuss major issues related to the biology, pathology, diagnostics and therapeutics of each disease, in a small group student presentation format.
3. Synthesize knowledge you have acquired through the course to propose and justify your own novel approach to cancer diagnosis or treatment.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Gain advanced understanding of cardiorespiratory systems by scrutinizing diseased states and major discoveries.
2. Build skills in presentation of complex topics and scientific writing.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Critically evaluate a scientific study to present the key findings and how they apply to the mechanisms of short term and long term control of the circulation.
2. Describe the time course of changes in the components that make up the baroreceptor reflex as a consequence of short term changes in blood pressure.
3. Explain the mechanistic basis and the time-course of alterations within the cardiovascular system (e.g. BP, heart rate, etc.) produced during and after a therapeutic intervention.
4. Identify a gap in knowledge regarding a lifestyle intervention that could potentially impact on blood pressure chronically in order to design a novel study to test a hypothesis.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Define and explain the main terms used in epidemiology (concepts, measures).
2. Recognize and distinguish the main study designs (cross-sectional and correlational, case control, cohort, randomized controlled trial and systematic reviews) used to identify causes of disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical and public health interventions.
3. Calculate and interpret the main measures used in descriptive and analytic studies (rates, estimates of association).
4. Identify and evaluate the main sources of error related to interpreting the epidemiological findings (chance, bias, confounding).
5. Recognize and explain the practical applications of epidemiology (outbreaks, surveillance, prevention, screening).

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Develop solutions to drug discovery/development problems to discuss either orally or in writing solutions to these problems.
2. Critically analyze the social and economic implications of legislative decisions pertaining to the pharmaceutical industry to argue a particular side of this these decisions.
3. Develop and refine professional interpersonal communication skills.
4. Develop an understanding of the biologic, social, and economic constraints that influence drug development.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Search for, identify, and critically assess sound scientific manuscripts and sources.
2. Work effectively in groups to integrate and present data from various scientific sources.
3. Produce written works that synthesize information they have gathered.
4. Present their findings in both lay and scientific language in either a scientific poster or oral presentation format.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Students will have the basic understanding of immunological and hormonal mechanisms that integrate and impart sex differences in diseases with an emphasis on those that associate with the urogenital tract.
2. Students will gain a basic knowledge of recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of diseases exhibiting sex differences.
3. Students will be able to apply the concepts acquired in critical assessment and identification of knowledge gaps in immunologically driven sex differences in disease pathology and outcomes.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to test hypotheses, generate data, and interpret results spanning the fields of biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, and microbiology.
2. Conduct, analyze, and interpret their own research, and discuss the significance of the findings within the context of respective fields.
3. Justify and support an experimental plan by searching through and scrutinizing the available scientific literature of the topic in question.
4. Navigate human anatomical specimens, identifying different tissues, organs and systems, while discussing links between their structure and function.
5. Perform laboratory experiments using appropriate technique, with emphasis on efficiency and multitasking.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply understanding of physiology and pharmacology principles to an experimental laboratory setting of neuroscience and cardiorespiratory physiology.
2. Develop qualitative and quantitative research methodologies including data acquisition and analysis to effectively test a hypothesis, generate data, and interpret results using appropriate statistics, and data analysis including graphing and curve fitting.
3. Work collaboratively in a group to effectively design, execute, analyze, and present experimental data.
4. Discuss the significance of their findings in the form of informal reports, formal laboratory report in a defined format, scientific poster, and oral presentation.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Accumulate relevant scientific evidence through scholarly review of the neuroimmunology literature and critically evaluate the content as it relates to the proposed topic.
2. Identify gaps in knowledge and/or paradoxes and/or obstacles in the collected neuroimmunology literature with regard to limitations in resolving fundamental questions in the specific area under study.
3. Communicate (verbal and written) their knowledge, insights and a conceptual framework to their peers and a lay audience; providing justification/rationale that investigation of the critical issues they have identified provide a constructive strategy to advance the field of neuroimmunology.
4. Capitalize on the power of group dynamics, to support and advocate for team members, and manage diverse opinions and personalities.
5. Provide thoughtful, logical and innovative questions to the projects proposed by other groups.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. understand the main ways bacteria exchange DNA
2. understand the major structures of bacterial cells, their functions and assembly;
3. recognize roles microbes play in the environment as well as in disease
4. appreciate the diversity of microbes
5. identify the growth phases of bacteria and how growth can be measured
6. understand the many ways microbes acquire nutrients from their environment
7. understand how bacteria communicate
8. understand the many ways bacteria regulate expression of their genes;
9. integrate lecture material with the lab component
10. identify major virus families and understand their structure, replication strategies and diversity
11. understand how viruses disseminate within the infected host organism and how they cause disease
12. understand how the host organism responds to virus infection and develops immunity to future infection by the same virus
13. understand the mechanisms by which some viruses evade host immune defenses
14. understand the challenges faced in the global delivery of vaccines to eradicate select viral pathogens.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the beneficial and detrimental interactions of the innate and adaptive branches of the human immune system.
2. Describe the organization of the immune system and how it functions.
3. Describe the unique features of human defense mechanisms against microbial agents.
4. Understand how the basic knowledge of immunology can be applied and translated to the development of immunological techniques, vaccines, and cancer immunotherapies.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze information pertaining to a specific organism to evaluate the impact of microbial replication, gene expression and antibiotic resistance of the microorganism in health, disease or the environment.
2. Collaboratively demonstrate a working knowledge of microbe characteristics that relate to their survival by working effectively with peers.
3. Employ a basic understanding of the biological features of bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic microbes to transition to higher level microbiology courses.
4. Employ effective peer review in a small group setting in order to collaboratively formulate predictions of the success or failure of designed superbugs.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Recognize hazards in a research environment in order to employ safe laboratory practices.
2. Summarize observations and research data in a lab notebook in order to communicate their results in a written format.
3. Explain how common biochemical and microbiological research techniques work, and evaluate when a particular technique should be applied.
4. Apply basic research techniques to answer scientific questions.
5. Interpret and evaluate experimental results to present their findings as a written report.
6. Evaluate the literature on antibiotic resistance to explain topics in this area to a scientific audience.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe and apply knowledge of how microbes interact with the human host in relation to health (human microbiome) and disease (microbial pathogens). Organize & assess information from various sources to critically and appropriately problem solve.
2. Integrate the information taught in the course to provide a broad-based understanding of the global impact of microbes on health and disease. Reflect upon and track how accumulated knowledge is influencing perception of human health and infectious disease.
3. Reflect upon and document learning styles and strategies best suited to optimize depth and breadth of learning.
4. Work collaboratively in a small group setting to apply accumulated knowledge in critical evaluation of the factors that contribute to the etiology of infectious diseases.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Advocate for ethical issues in the immunological approach to health and life sciences by effectively researching major issues at the forefront of the discipline
2. Assess immunology resources critically (e.g. videos, virtual lab, and clinical images) and use precise written responses to present the work to both a science literate and general audience
3. Dissect a problem into its key features by thinking in an integrated manner and interpret immunological data from a virtual lab to identify consistent and inconsistent components
4. Explain the fundamentals of immunology and describe key principles of the immune system, mechanisms of immune reactions, aspects of antibody formation, and cell-mediated immunity in health and disease

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Appreciate how viruses impact health and society
2. Develop ability to interpret and evaluate primary scientific literature
3. Understand virological assays and how to interpret them
4. Learn strategies for viral entry, genome organization, protein expression and replication
5. Acquire basic understanding of virus-host interactions
6. Compare mechanisms of viral pathogenesis

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate understanding of advanced virology topics.
2. Development of literature-based research skills in order to evaluate and critique how current research articles advance the field of virology.
3. Development of writing skills in order to critique current scientific literature and use this to support a personal opinion.
4. Participate in a collaborative group presentation to convey current topics in virology.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Participate in a collaborative group presentation to convey current immunology topics.
2. Create an individual presentation in order to explain specific aspects of your topic.
3. Development of research skills in order to evaluate and critique how current research articles advance the field.
4. Development of writing skills in order to critique current scientific literature and use this to support a personal opinion.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Integrate epidemiological and transmission principles of infectious diseases to independently or collaboratively explain, discuss, and appreciate the global impact of infectious diseases.
2. Use the principles learned during the study of selected infectious disease syndromes and apply those principles to advocate for effective control of infectious diseases.
3. Integrate information found in course modules and primary literature to explain the pathophysiology of selected infectious diseases and the role it plays in disease progression and treatment.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Gain a broad understanding of medically relevant pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, to enable the development of an overarching concept of the key components involved.
2. Apply foundational practices of infection prevention and control to predict how those processes mitigate the spread of pathogens from animals to humans.
3. Apply knowledge and concepts of microbiology to demonstrate how pathogens impact their animal host and then predict the interplay between infection control interventions, local environments and human populations.
4. Identify, describe, and predict the outcome of a change in pathogenesis in their non-animal hosts (i.e. humans or other intermediates) and how this might impact human health.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Recognize and describe essential knowledge required to navigate the field of neuroscience and further apply this knowledge into advanced molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral neuroscience.
2. Identify, describe, and critique the most current ruling principles in neuroscience related to: How neurons develop, grow, migrate, and connect to form neuronal circuits and a functional mature nervous system.
3. Identify, describe, and critique the most current ruling principles in neuroscience related to: How neurons and neuronal circuits acquire, transmit, store, and retrieve information.
4. Identify, describe, and critique the most current ruling principles in neuroscience related to: How dysfunctional neuronal function results in developmental and functional diseases of the nervous system.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Appraise the demonstrated and proposed psychedelics therapy.
2. Assess the ratio risk and benefits of psychedelic therapy.
3. Compare the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of various psychedelics.
4. Contrast and compare the mechanisms of action of psychedelics and psychedelic-like drugs.
5. Recognize and appraise the historical and cultural uses/significance of psychedelics.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. To develop student’s critical thinking skills
2. To encourage student’s independent learning and problem-solving skills
3. To perfect oral and written communication skills
4. To learn and discuss current knowledge on 1-neuronal integration, 2-synaptic plasticity, 3-neuromodulation.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understand and integrate the basic principles of neurodegeneration processes in Alzheimer’s disease and related neurodegenerative diseases in order to communicate how they develop in the brain at a molecular, cellular, and behavioural level.
2. Understand and integrate, at the molecular level, neuroprotective processes stimulated by the systemic communication with the brain and how this communication may counteract neurodegeneration.
3. Critically analyze, and/or interpret scientific data in primary research reports and reviews in order to contextualize and communicate current knowledge in the field of neurodegeneration and brain health.
4. Learn to prepare effective slide deck presentations to use in the communication of the scientific basis of neurodegeneration and brain health.
5. Provide peer assessment, as well as thoughtful, logical questions and comments to the projects presented by peers.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Gain a greater understanding of the cellular organization of the mammalian nervous system.
2. Understand the cellular contributions to normal functioning both centrally and peripherally.
3. Understand how cells respond to injury or disease of the nervous system.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Collaborate with others in order to effectively collect, analyze, and interpret scientific data.
2. Communicate an integrated understanding of the scientific basis and societal impact of neurological disorders of learning and memory to colleagues in order to advocate for vulnerable populations.
3. Critically evaluate primary research reports and reviews in order to contextualize and communicate current knowledge in the field of learning and memory.
4. Demonstrate skill in providing and responding to feedback in a professional manner.
5. Describe the basic principles of learning and memory processes in order to communicate how they are generated by the brain at a cellular, systems, and behavioural level.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Perform, observe, and interpret visualization of data from variety of sources.
2. Apply skills acquired to critically evaluate and summarize data.
3. Describe appropriate data visualization for diverse types of challenges.
4. Collaborate and communicate an understanding of concepts and diverse perspectives in data science.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Access the individual and population impacts of human disease by effectively researching major issues affecting changes in global health
2. Apply the skills acquired to critically evaluate scientific literature on human disease
3. Collaborate and communicate an understanding of the causes and implications of human disease including current and future management and treatments.
4. Explain how different populations are differentially impacted by the same disease
5. Identify and describe mechanisms underlying human disease and be able to recognize potential origins of human disease states

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Integrate underlying genetic and biochemical factors with resultant pathologic processes and disease states.
2. Compare and contrast the contributions of genetics and environmental factors to disease.
3. Apply course concepts to a hypothetical disease to identify its molecular basis and clinical features, and rationalize testing and treatment options.
4. Clearly and concisely articulate ideas in both oral and written formats, working individually as well as in team-based learning groups.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the role of clinical biochemistry in healthcare by linking clinical laboratory principles to patient care.
2. Critique how specific clinical laboratory test methodologies can be used to screen for, diagnose, and/or manage a given disease.
3. Scrutinize and assess the clinical application of novel biomarkers in the context of relevant, current literature.
4. Demonstrate verbal and written proficiency in clinical laboratory instrumentation and methods by navigating troubleshooting scenarios involving issues with a clinical biochemistry test.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Perform basic programming and scripting (Mini Assignments 1 and 2, Group Assignments 1-3)
2. Design experiment with data analysis in mind (Mini Assignment 2, Group Assignments 1-3)
3. Perform data analysis that includes sequence alignment, data preprocessing, unsupervised and supervised learning and statatistics (Mini Assignments 1 - 3, Group Assignments 1 - 3)
4. Work in a team to complete assignments, report and present results (Group Assignments 1 – 3)
5. Assess and critique analytical methodology found in scientific publications (Paper critiques)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply learned knowledge of the essential elements of a phase 3 clinical trial to design a hypothetical clinical trial for a new drug to treat a specific disease or condition. (PLO 4, 8; Assessment 1)
2. Describe the mechanism of action and physiological effects of classes of drugs to be able to summarize the reason(s) for their use and abuse in society. (PLO 4, 6; Assessments 2-5)
3. Discuss the pharmacological principles of drug abuse to advocate for healthy and appropriate drug use. (PLO 4, 6; Assessment 2)
4. Effectively discuss and apply relevant pharmacological principles within a group to successfully complete collaborative assignments. (PLO 4; Assessments 1, 2)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply the principles of drug therapy to solve basic pharmacokinetics problems
2. Describe how drugs affect the body and how the body affects drugs to predict beneficial and adverse drug effects
3. Discuss the use of therapeutics in a variety of physiology systems and processes to propose basic therapeutic plans for common diseases and ailments
4. Explain how drugs target and combat infections and cancers to evaluate the pros and cons of available treatment options and to advocate for appropriate use to decrease the emergence of resistance
5. Source and critically analyse phase 3 clinical trials to recognize a well-designed, valid study for a new drug

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe principles and mechanisms of toxicity in order to explain the range of possible effects following exposure to chemicals.
2. Consolidate academic literature and module content in order to develop a research question and hypothesis for an experiment involving a potentially toxic chemical.
3. Compare and contrast popular media representations of toxicity with relevant scientific literature in order to critically evaluate how toxicology is perceived by the public.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe principles and mechanisms of toxicity.
2. Explain the effects of exposure to chemicals in different situations.
3. Compare and contrast mechanisms of toxicity in different target tissues.
4. Consolidate knowledge to be able to critically analyze the attributes and shortcomings of peer reviewed manuscripts in the discipline of toxicology.
5. Present key points related to specific topics in toxicology.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Critically analyze the social and economic implications of legislative decisions pertaining to the pharmaceutical industry to argue a particular side of this these decisions.
2. Develop solutions to drug discovery/development problems to discuss either orally or in writing solutions to these problems.
3. Develop an understanding of the biologic, social, and economic constraints that influence drug discovery and drug development.
4. Develop and refine professional interpersonal communication skills.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe basic cellular components to be able to characterize their roles in the structure and function of human cells (PLO 1,3; Assessment 1-5)
2. Integrate a basic understanding of cellular processes to articulate how human cells interact with their environment (PLO 1,3; Assessment 1-5)
3. Recognize key principles of human cell function in order to understand the cellular basis of health and disease (PLO 1,3; Assessment 1-5)
4. Understand how cells, tissues, organs and systems work together in order identify and explain the mechanisms through which the body maintains homeostasis.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply analytical skills to further your knowledge of physiological systems. (PLO8; Assessment 1,2)
2. Define homeostasis and apply feedback loops to predict and understand the control of physiological systems in the face of a variable and changing environment. (PLO1; Assessments 1,3,4)
3. Describe the physiology of the nervous system, muscles, and the cardiovascular system to identify and explain pathophysiological states. (PLO2; Assessments 1-4)
4. Note: PLO refers to the program learning outcomes to which each course learning outcome matches to.
5. Understand physiology at the molecular, cellular, and system levels in order to explain their combined role in integrative physiology. (PLO1,2; Assessments 1-4)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Apply research skills to further your knowledge of physiological systems. (PLO8; Assessment 2)
2. Describe the physiology of the respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive systems to define normal and abnormal function. (PLO2; Assessments 1-4)
3. Note: PLO refers to the program learning outcomes to which each course learning outcome matches to.
4. Understand physiology at the molecular, cellular, and system levels in order to explain how their roles and functions are combined in integrative physiology. (PLO1,2; Assessments 1-4)

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Collaborate with group members to develop a testable hypothesis and experimental design, using an iterative process that incorporates feedback from group members.
2. Demonstrate the ability to defend an experimental design with respect to the methods and approaches used to collect experimental data (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, hand-eye coordination and cognitive ability).
3. Evaluate and interpret experimental results to present a study with its limitations in a visual poster, oral presentation or written report.
4. Evaluate and report on peer reviewed literature with respect to appropriate ways of measuring physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, hand-eye coordination and cognitive ability) to a stimulus.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. identify the mechanisms (cellular and systemic) by which selected diseases occur in the major physiologic systems of the body
2. recognize and identify the major signs/symptoms of selected diseases, and understand how they are produced by the diseases processes implicated
3. differentiate between similar-but-different diseases based on their signs/symptoms and pathogenesis (basic principles of differential diagnosis)
4. briefly describe selected diagnostic methods and key treatment approaches for the diseases studied, based on your understanding of the underlying disruptions to normal physiologic function occurring within each disease
5. effectively use appropriate terminology to describe disease etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcome(s)
6. work effectively with a diverse group of peers to plan and execute a concise research investigation
7. present your findings on a specific disease, as obtained through investigation of primary sources, in a clear, balanced, and engaging presentation communicated at a level appropriate to your audience.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understanding human lung function in various paradigms, including: social determinants of lung health; normal and pathologic lung function (mechanical, chemical, neural, and integrative) at rest, in exercise and in sleep; differences between human lung function and that of other species adapted to different environments (structure:function)
2. Developing competency in and appreciation for diverse approaches to pulmonary function testing (lab component)
3. Laying a foundation of scientific writing skills, including effective literature searching, abstract-writing, and report-writing.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Critically assess scientific literature and media reports in human reproductive biology to support arguments in oral and written work.
2. Describe key fundamental concepts in male and female reproductive biology to create a framework that can be applied to more complex topics in human reproduction.
3. Explain the scientific basis of diseases of pregnancy to determine their implications on health in later life.
4. Integrate course content through active discussion with peers to solve case-based problems related to pregnancy, parturition, and other topics in human reproduction.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe how the different specialized components of the sperm and oocyte are involved in fertilization and in relation to male and female fertility and infertility
2. Become familiarized with and describe the assisted reproductive techniques currently used in fertility clinics and reproductive centers
3. Describe current technology and experimental techniques supporting research in reproduction
4. Describe events in normal pregnancy, including cell lineage commitment, implantation, placentation, and development
5. Describe key fundamental concepts in male and female reproductive biology and apply this knowledge in human reproduction
6. Identify and describe current trends in reproductive research
7. To be aware of ethical arguments related to reproductive technologies and the hypothesis that health of adults is determined in part by experiences during fetal development

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Align principles of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis with primary literature in the field in order to present, connect, and extend concepts within the research article(s)
2. Consolidate information pertaining to an untoward embryonic/fetal environment in order to describe how that environment contributes to the individual's long-term health and disease
3. Define the hypothesis and mechanisms of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHAD) to explain the connection between the in utero environment and different adult diseases.
4. Explain the consequences of developmental exposures in order to teach the public about a specified condition and advocate for support and resources for the patient population.